Sunday, March 31, 2019

Technical Report Final Draft

               1.          Introduction

                              1.1.          Background information


This report aims to request for funds to aid on the research on recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles for construction materials. According to National Environment Agency, it was estimated that 1.76 billion plastic items were used a year in Singapore, and only 6% of the waste plastics were being recycled (NEA, 2017). Out of the 1.76 billion plastic wastes, 467 million are PET bottles. The reason why plastic was used at an abundance is due to its ability to form into different forms and for its durability, but the disadvantage is that plastic items would take centuries to be decomposed naturally and landfills. The plastic that were not recycled would be incinerated and be shipped to Pulau Semakau Landfill (NEA, n.d.). It was originally estimated that Pulau Semakau Landfill would be able to sustain until 2045, but due to the increasing reliance on disposable plastic products, the current estimation is that the landfill would run out of space by 2035 (MEWR, n.d.).

Currently, the two main ways Singapore disposes of waste plastic is by burning it and disposing it to the landfills or sell the waste to other countries that are willing to buy it (Aqil, 2018). The same author also mentioned that the practice of burning waste plastic would cut down the amount of space needed in the landfills, but it is very harmful to our environment.

According to Aqil (2018), It was reported that the fumes produce from burning plastic posed harmful health risk such as, increase the risk of heart disease, aggravate asthma and cause damage to the human nervous system. Aqil (2018) also mentioned that Singapore sold approximately 42,000 tons of waste plastic to China, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia in 2016. With China’s recent announcement of banning imported “foreign garbage”, it would post a major problem as Singapore’s biggest plastic waste buyer is China (Aqil, 2018).

With the plastic waste management challenges Singapore is facing, creative ideas for plastic recycling should be implemented to reduce the harmful impacts. According to BCA, Singapore is expecting to have a higher volume of construction activities per annum, as Singapore is still developing (BCA, n.d.).

The main stakeholders for the application of recycled would be the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), as BCA governing the quality control of all construction materials and methods. Singapore has been using natural resources of fine and coarse aggregates in the mixture of concrete. In a BCA handout, it was stated that ECO-Concrete which are concrete that consisted of 50% or more recycled content (BCA, n.d.).

BCA had set rules and standards for the quality of building materials to be used in Singapore for contractors to strictly adhere to. With the given BCA standards, lab test and research can be done to the recycled polyethylene to be introduced into the concrete as a replacement of natural aggregates (BCA, n.d.).

With the lack of space in Semakau Landfill, the production of air pollution through the incineration of plastics and the significantly low recycling rate, Singapore have to find an alternative solution for disposing of plastic waste. Singapore authorities should start adopting the use of recycling plastics into green aggregates and find alternative ways to incorporate the waste plastic to other forms of construction materials to ultimately reduce the contribution of plastic waste to our landfill.


                              1.2.          Problem Statement


Currently, the percentage of plastic waste not being recycled is at 94%. With the aim of being a “zero waste” nation, the ideal goal is for Singapore to no longer rely on landfill as a means to dispose of our plastic waste, but through alternative methods. One solution is to utilise the waste plastic by converting them into green construction material. With this, not only are we working towards a “zero-waste” nation but also extending the life spend of landfills for other waste disposals.

                              1.3.          Purpose Statement


The purpose of this report is to propose the adoption of green aggregates by recycling waste PET bottles. The aim is to increase the percentage of recycling rate of waste plastic, reducing the usage of space in Pulau Semakau Landfill and lessen the production of air pollution through the burning of plastic waste. Adopting this solution would bring Singapore a step closer to being a “zero waste” nation.

               2.          Problem Solution

                              2.1.          ECO-Concrete


BCA developed an initiative by encouraging the use of recycled concrete materials by incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) into the production of concrete. RCA are aggregates that are recovered from the demolition of buildings, where demolition debris are then crushed and sieved into different category of aggregates. (BCA, n.d.)

Sands and granites are deemed as aggregates in the concrete mixture, and the roles of aggregates in a concrete mixture are to give the basic property which determines the concrete behaviour such as durability, strength and workability. The quality of concrete depends heavily on the aggregates properties, which would determine the ultimate property of the concrete produced. As natural resources are of a scar in Singapore, construction companies have to rely on other countries as these natural resources are imported into Singapore. (BCA, n.d.)

According to Thorneycroft et al. (2018), India had been researching on the possible ways to recycle plastic into construction base material in recent years. The research had shown that PET bottles could be ground and blended to achieve sand like textural which allows it to replace natural sand and act as a fine aggregate in the concrete mixture. The same author also mentioned that due to PET having a different chemical property as natural sands, it bonds differently with cement matrix causing the concrete to have a weaker strength and durability. However, by treating PET with chemicals and reducing the size of the PET particles, the reaction bond between the PET and cement matrix is showing improvement (Thorneycroft et al. 2018).

                              2.2.          ECO-Bricks


Brick is a type of building material that used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Bricks are typically made up of shaped clay and are bind together with the usage of cement mortar during construction (Juan, 2018).

Zhuang (2014) stated that during 1990s, houses in Singapore were built out of bricks. The same author mentioned that as technology advanced, Singapore had become “a city of glass and steel skyscrapers” (Zhuang, 2014, para 1). Zhuang (2014) also mentioned that Singapore no longer has any brick factories, hence all brick used in Singapore were imported from overseas. Bricks are no longer visible is because contractors tend to paint over facing bricks or plastering it up so only the plasterwork can be seen and not the bricks (Zhuang, 2014). 

According to Fedreico et al. (2017), the properties of an eco-bricks highly depends on the compactions of the filling materials into the bottles, and skilled workers are required to compact the fillers into the bottles to have a desirable brick property. The same author also mentioned that Eco-bricks are required to undergo the flammability test before using the eco-bricks for actual construction works.

Himanshu (2017) mentioned that PET bottles are able to be transformed into construction bricks, by compacting sand into the plastic bottles and giving it the ideal strength which is comparable to original bricks. The same author also stated that by sorting the PET bottles into different size and shape, and a strict selection of suitable PET bottles, the bottles are then compacted and filled with sand, this sand filled bottles are then deemed as ECO-bricks. This ECO-bricks would be stacked and cemented together, creating a partition walls that is made up of plastic bottles and cement mortar (Himanshu, 2017).


               3.          Benefit

The potential benefits of the proposed solution includes conserving natural resources, relieving stress on landfill and improved properties to concrete.

                              3.1.          Conserving natural resources

According to the Portland Cement Association (n.d.), approximately 60%-75% of the concrete is made up of aggregates, on average 1370 tonnes of aggregates are used a year in Singapore. That contributes to a hefty amount of percentage in the mixture of cement.

In the 4th quarter of 2018, Singapore’s construction industry average usage of cement was estimated to be 377 000 tonnes. Adopting waste plastic aggregates would help conserve natural resources by reducing the need for virgin materials (BCA, 2019).



Figure 1: Forecast and actual construction demand (BCA, 2019)

                              3.2.          Relieving stress on Pulau Semakau landfill

The proposal of the creation and adopting of plastic waste aggregates would redirect substantial amount of plastic waste away from landfills, prolonging the lifespan of Pulau Semakau. It could potentially reduce energy consumption and emissions from burning the waste.

                              3.3.          Improved properties to concrete

Incorporating plastic aggregates improves properties of concrete due to its toughness, low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and good abrasion behavior. Moreover, the incorporation lowers the densities of the resulting concrete thus developing a ‘lightweight concrete’. This development lowers the earthquake risk of a building and it could be beneficial in the design of an earthquake-resistant building in the future (Semiha, Cengiz, Kubiley, 2010, as cited in Saikia, Brito, 2013)


               4.          Proposal Evaluation


There are some challenges to overcome in order to achieve our proposed solution. One challenge faced by the team is the cost of sorting plastics. There is no exact cost stated in articles. According to Quah (2018), V1 Recycle’s managing director Richard Lim stated that the sorting process is the costly parts of the process as it requires expensive machines or very skilled workers. On top of that contamination and land constraints affects the cost of sorting plastics. Sorting of the plastics must be done in order to remove contaminated plastics as it cannot be recycled. Skilled workers have to be trained and educated to know and differentiate contaminated and non-contaminated plastics apart.

Mr Dave Wong, a business development manager at A~Star Plastic Recycling, mentioned that the cost of recycling plastics will increase when plastic is contaminated as cleaning and sorting are required (Mahmud, 2018).

In order to raise awareness on the importance of recycling, countries in Latin America such as Argentina, Africa and South Asia have started adopting Eco-Bricks as part of a community project where everyone works towards a common goal.

Ecoinclusion - a non-profit foundation, was created in the hopes of solving environmental and infrastructure problems. With the lack of decent housings, they decided to manufacture Eco-bricks where it has the same properties as common ceramic bricks yet lighter and has a better insulating and soundproofing properties. With this, they have the same objectives as A-Green-Gates. They are reducing plastic pollution, increasing awareness on the importance of recycling and help those sectors in need (Ecoinclusion, 2018).

The team consulted with Dr Fei Jin, a professor in civil engineering materials. He postulated that Singapore’s construction companies have been sticking to traditional methods due to their stubbornness and the cost of the construction. According to Ng (2017), property consultant Nicholas Mak of SLP International mentioned that companies will stick to traditional methods if it is cheaper. The purchase of machinery, computer software and training of staffs will usually result in higher cost. High-cost methods will result in local companies sticking to their traditional method.


               5.          Research and Methodology

                              5.1.          Primary Research


A survey questionnaire was posted online to a total of 72 random Singaporeans as a form of a primary survey to determine if Singaporeans have any prior knowledge on plastic waste management and to showcase the importance of this proposal. Singaporeans are one of the main stakeholders as they play a part in producing plastic waste. Furthermore, there is a need to spread awareness of the importance of plastic waste.

This is crucial as the team wants to know if the surveyees have similar views of plastic waste and the results of the survey would help the team to convince the National Environment Agency (NEA) and Building and Construction Authority (BCA) that Singaporeans are calling for improvement in recycling efforts and that our proposed solution could be potential way to recycle plastic.

                              5.2.          Secondary Research


The main source of secondary research is NEA and BCA. An online journal published by Zainab Z. Ismail benefits the proposal as a reliable source. This journal provides credible studies that prove that “reusing waste plastic as a sand-substitution aggregate in concrete gives a good approach to reduce the cost of the materials are problems posed by plastics” (Zainab, 2008)

               6.          Conclusion


In conclusion, plastic is the top contributor to the rapid influx of our landfills having the lowest recycling percentage, with the adoption of converting waste plastic into construction material would help increase Singapore’s plastic waste recycling rate and reduce the amount of plastic from being burnt. The conversion will then reduce the effect of plastic occupying the majority of the landfill space, as plastic requires a long period of time to disintegrate.

By incorporating plastic into construction materials, we are able to discover enhanced materials properties for complex construction purposes. New and improved construction materials with plastic incorporated could deliver a better result as compared to the original materials, as plastic have a different physical property as compared to traditional materials. This could help construction companies in Singapore to explore more possible new construction methods with the new sustainable products produced.

As the cost of sorting plastics are very high, Singaporeans can play a huge part by sorting their recyclables and disposing it into separate bins instead of the ‘blue recycling bins’ as a single-stream recycling. By having separate bins, the amount of effort and time using to sort the waste rubbish would be saved.

We hope that BCA is able to provide adequate aid in terms of research and development findings, which allows us to test and identify any flaws to be rectified. This would allow us to adopt the usage of the recycled plastic construction materials in the near future and allow us to discover further benefits of this recycled plastic and put it into good use.

               7.          Reference:


Ahmad, A. F., Razali, A. R., & M.Razelan, I. S. (2017). Utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in asphalt pavement: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/203/1/012004
Akçaözog˘lu, S., Atis, C. D., & Akçaözog˘lu, K. (2010). An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste Management,30(2), 285-290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.033
Antico, F. C., Wiener, M. J., Letelier, G. A., & Retamal, R. G. (2017). Eco-bricks: A sustainable substitute for construction materials. Revista De La Construcción,16(3), 518-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.16.3.518
Bricks made from recycled PET bottles. (2018, May 15). Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://materialdistrict.com/article/bricks-recycled-pet-bottles/
Hassani, A., Ganjidoust, H., & Maghanaki, A. A. (2005). Use of plastic waste (poly-ethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Waste Management and Research,23(4), 322-327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05056739
Hong, J. (2018, August 1). 1.76b plastic items used here yearly: Poll. Straits Times. Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/176b-plastic-items-used-here-yearly-poll 
Ismail, Z. Z., & AL-Hashmi, E. A. (2008). Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Waste Management,28(11), 2041-2047. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023
Juan, R. (2018, December 17). 5 Types of Materials Used for Bricks. Retrieved March 30, 2019, from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819
Kamaruddin, M. A., A Abdullah, M. M., Zawawi, M. H., & R A Zainol, M. R. (2017). Potential use of Plastic Waste as Construction Materials: Recent Progress and Future Prospect. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,267. Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/267/1/012011 
Mahmud, A. H. (2018, June 3). ‘Cannot sell ... so they burn’: What’s next in the uncertain future for plastic waste in Singapore? Channel News Asia. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/china-bans-plastic-waste-whats-next-for-recycling-in-singapore-10281026
Ng, C. (2017, April 25). Cost stands in the way of efficient building techniques. Straits Times. Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/cost-stands-in-the-way-of-efficient-building-techniques
Portland Cement Association (n.d.). Cement concrete application. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/concrete-materials/aggregates
Public Sector Construction Demand Is Expected To Strengthen This Year. (2018, January 11). Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/newsroom/others/pr_prospectsseminar2018.pdf
Quah, J. (2018, September 25). How Singapore's plastic waste is recycled. Today. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/how-singapores-plastic-recycled-3
Rawat, A. S., & Kansal, R. (2014). PET Bottles as Sustainable Building Material: A Step Towards Green Building Construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology,1(6), 1-3. Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://www.krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/03Jul20150307363.pdf
Saikia, N., & Brito, J. D. (2013). Waste polyethylene terephthalate as an aggregate in concrete. Materials Research,16(2), 341-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000017
Sharma, H. (2017). Innovative and Sustainable Application of PET Bottle a Green Construction Overview. Indian Journal of Science and Technology,10(16). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317303927_Innovative_and_Sustainable_Application_of_PET_Bottle_a_Green_Construction_Overview
Sustainable Construction: A Guide on the Use of Recycled Materials. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/sustainableconstruction/others/sc_recycle_final.pdf
Taaffe, J., Sullivan, S. O., Rahman, M. E., & Pakrashi, V. (2014). Experimental characterisation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle Eco-bricks. Materials & Design,60, 50-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.045
Tan, M. (2014, February 6). Government charging more for granite from stockpile. Straits Times. Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/government-charging-more-for-granite-from-stockpile
The role of aggregate in concrete countertop mix designs. (n.d.). Retrieved March 15, 2019, from https://concretecountertopinstitute.com/free-training/the-role-of-aggregate-in-concrete-countertop-mix-designs/
Thorney, J., Orr, J., Savoikar, P., & Ball, R. J. (2018). Performance of structural concrete with recycled plastic waste as a partial replacement for sand. Construction and Building Materials,161, 63-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.127
Waste Statistics and Overall Recycling. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-statistics-and-overall-recycling
Zhuang, J. (2014, August 16). Building Singapore Brick by Brick. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from http://justinzhuang.com/posts/building-singapore-brick-by-brick/

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Mapletree Forum Reflection

The mapletree forum provided insight into local entrepreneurs and their views on sustainability. Out of the four panellists, the one that left me a deep impression was Ms Nacy Ling, the co-founder of Eco U, selling disposable utensils made of environmentally sustainable materials. Having grown up in Australia, where recycling is part of their social culture, she was shocked to experience first hand Singaporean's addiction to plastic when she came to Singapore. As an entrepreneur, she saw Singapore reliance on plastic as an opportunity; there was no sustainable alternative to disposable plastic utensils, which prompted her to make a sustainable alternative. Ms Ling mentioned that in the beginning stages of her company, it was hard to convince people to use her product. She overcame the obstacle by first proving that her product works and educate potential customers about the benefits of her product. She also mentioned that as an entrepreneur selling sustainable products you have to convince your customers that there is a push from their own customers for sustainability and that if they do not adapt, they will miss the boat.

She also shared her views on being an entrepreneur. She said an entrepreneur needs to have talent, leadership and passion. With these traits, an entrepreneur would have to overcome problems as they come along.

Monday, March 11, 2019

Technical Report Draft #1B: Converting Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles into construction materials

1.1 Introduction (Background information)

This report aims to request for funds to aid on the research on recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles for construction materials. According to the National Environment Agency (NEA, 2017), it was estimated that 1.76 billion of plastic items were used a year in Singapore, and only 6% of the waste plastics were being recycled. The reason why plastic was used at an abundance is due to its ability to form into different forms and for its durability, but the disadvantage of plastic items would take centuries to be decomposed naturally and landfills. Those plastic that were not recycled would be incinerated and be shipped to Pulau Semakau Landfill (NEA, n.d.). It was originally estimated that Pulau Semakau Landfill would be able to sustain until 2045, but due to the increasing reliance on disposable plastic products, the current estimation is that the landfill would run out of space by 2035 (MEWR, n.d.).

Currently, the two main ways Singapore dispose of waste plastic is by burning them and disposed it to the landfills or sell the waste to other countries that are willing to buy them (Aqil, 2018). The practice of burning waste plastic would cut down the amount of space needed in the landfills, but it is very harmful to our environment.

According to Aqil, 2018, It was reported that the fumes produce from burning plastic posed harmful health risk such as, increase the risk of heart disease, aggravate asthma and cause damage to the human nervous system. Aqil also mentioned that Singapore sells approximately 42,000 tons of waste plastic to China, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia in 2016. However, China announced a ban on importing “foreign garbage”, this ban would post a major problem as Singapore's biggest plastic waste buyer is China.

With the plastic waste management challenges, Singapore is facing, creative ideas for plastic recycling should be implemented to reduce the harmful impacts. According to BCA, Singapore is expecting to have a higher volume of construction activities per annum, as Singapore is still developing.

The main stakeholders for the application of recycled would be Building and Construction Authority (BCA), as BCA governing the quality control of all construction materials and methods. Singapore have been using natural resources of fine and coarse aggregates in the mixture of concrete. In a BCA handout, it was stated that ECO-Concrete which are concrete that consisted of 50% or more recycled content.


Therefore, BCA had set rules and standards for the quality of building materials to be used in Singapore for contractors to strictly adhere to. With the given BCA standards, lab test and research can be done to the recycled polyethylene to be introduced into the concrete as a replacement of natural aggregates.

With the gradual increase in plastic usage in Singapore, the landfill at Pulau Semakau would be filled up in no time, and Singapore have to find an alternative solution for disposing of plastic waste. Singapore authorities should start adopting the use of recycling plastics into green aggregates and find alternative ways to incorporate the waste plastic to other forms of construction materials to ultimately reduce the contribution of plastic waste to our landfill.


1.2 Problem Statement

Currently, the percentage of plastic waste not being recycled is at 94%. With the aim of being a “zero waste” nation, the ideal goal is for Singapore to no longer rely on landfill as a means to dispose of our plastic waste, but through alternative methods. One solution is to utilise the waste plastic by converting them into green construction material. With this, not only are we working towards a “zero-waste” nation but also extending the life spend of landfills for another waste disposal.


1.3 Purpose Statement

The purpose of this report is to propose the adoption of green aggregates by recycling waste plastic. The aim is to increase the percentage of waste plastic being recycled instead of being sent for incineration and end up in Pulau Semakau Landfill. Adopting this solution would bring Singapore a step closer to being a “zero waste” nation.


1.4 Problem Solution

BCA had made an initiative by encouraging the use of recycled concrete materials by incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) into the production of concrete. RCA are aggregates that are recovered from the demolition of building, where demolition debris are then crushed and sieved into a different category of aggregates.

Sands and granites are deemed as aggregates in the concrete mixture, and the roles of aggregates in a concrete mixture are to give the basic property which determines the concrete behaviour such as durability, strength and workability. Therefore, concrete properties depend heavily on the properties of the aggregates which determine the quality of the concrete produced. As natural resources are of scarcity in Singapore, Singapore have to rely on other countries as these natural resources are imported into Singapore.

In recent years, India had been researching on the possible ways to recycled plastic into construction base material. Research had shown that PET bottles could be grinded and blended to achieve sand like textural which allows it to replace natural sand and act as a fine aggregate in the concrete mixture. Due to PET having a different chemical properties as natural sands, it bonds differently with cement matrix causing the concrete to have a weaker strength and durability. But by treating PET with chemicals mixture and reducing the size of the PET particles, the reaction bond between the PET and cement matrix is showing improvement (Thorneycroft et al. 2018).

Brick is a type of building material that used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.During 1990s, towns in singapore were built out of bricks. But as technology advanced, Singapore had became “a city of glass and steel skyscrapers” (Justin Zhuang, 2014). Therefore,Singapore no longer have any brick factories, hence all brick used in Singapore were imported from overseas. Bricks are no longer visible is because contractors tend to paint over facing bricks or plastering it up so only the plaster work can be seen and not the bricks.

PET bottles are able to be transformed into construction bricks, by compacting sand into the plastic bottles and giving it the ideal strength which is comparable to original bricks. By sorting the PET bottles into different size and shape, and a strict selection of suitable PET bottles. The bottles are then compacted and filled with sand, this sand filled bottles are then deemed as ECO-bricks. This ECO-bricks would be stacked and cemented together, creating partition walls that is made up of plastic bottles and cement mortar. (Himanshu, 2017)

1.5 Benefit
There are many potential benefits of the proposed solution such as: conserving natural resources, relieving stress on landfill, versatility and lightweight.

Conserving natural resources
According to the Portland Cement Association, approximately 60%-75% of the concrete is made up of aggregates, in average 114 tonnes of aggregates are used per month in Singapore. That contributes to a hefty amount of percentage in the mixture of cement.

In the 4th quarter of 2018, Singapore’s construction industry average usage of cement was estimated to be 377 000 tonnes. By adopting waste plastic aggregates, it would help conserve natural resources by reducing the need for virgin materials



Figure 1. Forecast and actual construction demand (BCA, 2019)


Relieving stress on Pulau Semakau landfill
The proposal of the creation and adopting of plastic waste aggregates would redirect a substantial amount of plastic waste away from landfills, prolonging Pulau Semakau’s lifespan. It could potentially reduce energy consumption and emissions from burning the waste.

Versatility
The recycled plastic aggregates can be used for various different functions, suitable for use with different construction Incorporating plastic aggregates projects in Singapore.

Lightweight Concrete
Incorporating plastic aggregates improves properties of concrete due to its toughness, low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity and good abrasion behaviour. Moreover, the incorporation lowers the densities of the resulting concrete thus developing a ‘lightweight concrete’. This development lowers the earthquake risk of a building and it could be beneficial in the design of an earthquake-resistant building in the future (Semiha, Cengiz, Kubiley, 2010, as cited in Saikia, Brito, 2013)

1.6 Proposal Evaluation

There are some challenges to overcome in order to achieve our proposed solution. One challenge faced by the team is the cost of sorting plastics. There are no exact cost stated in articles. According to Quah (2018), V1 Recycle’s managing director Richard Lim stated that the sorting process is the costly parts of the process as it requires expensive machines or very skilled workers. On top of that contamination and land constraints affects the cost of sorting plastics. Mr Dave Wong, a business development manager at A~Star Plastic Recycling, mentioned that the cost of recycling plastics will increase when plastic is contaminated as cleaning and sorting are required. (Mahmud, 2018)


1.7 Research and Methodology

1.7.1 Primary Research

An online survey questionnaire was conducted to Singaporeans as a form of a primary survey. Singaporeans are one of the main stakeholders as they play a part in producing plastic waste. Furthermore, there is a need to spread awareness of the importance of plastic waste. The objective of this survey is to find out what Singaporeans know about plastic waste management and to showcase the importance of this proposal.

This is crucial as the team wants National Environment Agency (NEA) and Building and Construction Authority (BCA) to know that there is room for improvement for Singapore’s recycling efforts and that our proposed solution could be the alternative way to recycle plastic.

1.7.2 Secondary Research

The main source of secondary research is NEA and BCA. An online journal published by Zainab Z. Ismail benefits the proposal as a reliable source. This journal provides credible studies that prove that “reusing waste plastic as a sand-substitution aggregate in concrete gives a good approach to reduce the cost of the materials are problems posed by plastics” (Zainab, 2008)

1.7.3 Findings

Among the 72 survey respondents, 88.9% of the respondents use more than 3 disposal plastic products a day and 91.7% of them do not take the initiative to recycle their plastic waste. 97.2% of the respondents are not aware of Singapore’s low recycling rate for plastic, however, 95.8% agreed that more needs to be done by the Singapore government to improve recycling efforts. The survey results support the team’s idea of the call for the improvement of Singapore’s recycling efforts and also highlight the Singaporeans consumption of disposable plastic products.

1.8 Concluding Statement

In conclusion, with plastic being one of the top contributor being sent to our landfills and having the lowest recycling percentage, the adoption of converting waste plastic to aggregate would help reduce Singapore’s plastic waste problem. With the application of recycling plastic into construction base materials will greatly reduce the usage of semakau landfill by a huge amount.

By incorporating plastic into construction materials, we are able to discover better materials for the construction. New and improved construction materials with plastic incorporated could deliver a better result as compared to the original materials, as plastic have a different physical properties as compared to traditional materials. This could help Singapore to explore more possible new construction methods with the new products produced.

With the cost of sorting plastics are very high, Singaporeans can play a huge part by sorting their recyclables and disposing it into seperate bins instead of the ‘blue recycling bins’ as single-stream recycling. This will contribute in reducing its total cost.

We hope that BCA is able to provide adequate aid in terms of research and development fundings, which allows us to test and identify any flaws to be rectified.

1.9 Reference:

(n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/concrete-materials/aggregates

Akçaözog˘lu, S., Atis, C. D., & Akçaözog˘lu, K. (2010). An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste Management,30(2), 285-290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.033

Hassani, A., Ganjidoust, H., & Maghanaki, A. A. (2005). Use of plastic waste (poly-ethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Waste Management and Research,23(4), 322-327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05056739

Ismail, Z. Z., & AL-Hashmi, E. A. (2008). Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement. Waste Management,28(11), 2041-2047. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023

Mahmud, A. H. (2018, June 3). ‘Cannot sell ... so they burn’: What’s next in the uncertain future for plastic waste in Singapore? Channel News Asia. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/china-bans-plastic-waste-whats-next-for-recycling-in-singapore-10281026

PUBLIC SECTOR CONSTRUCTION DEMAND IS EXPECTED TO STRENGTHEN THIS YEAR. (2018, January 11). Retrieved March 12, 2019, fromhttps://www.bca.gov.sg/newsroom/others/pr_prospectsseminar2018.pdf

Quah, J. (2018, September 25). How Singapore's plastic waste is recycled. Today. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/how-singapores-plastic-recycled-3

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Monday, March 4, 2019

Technical Report Draft #1: Converting Waste Plastics Into Aggregates

Introduction (Background information)
As Singapore grows, the demand for plastic also increases. In Singapore, it was estimated that 1.76 billion plastic items were used a year, and according to the National Environment Agency (NEA), only 6% of the plastic was being recycled. The plastic that had not been recycled would be incinerated and be shipped to Pulau Semakau Landfill. It was originally estimated that Pulau Semakau Landfill would be able to sustain until 2045. However, due to the increasing reliance on disposable plastic products, it was now estimated that the landfill would run out space by 2035. 

The reason why plastic was used at an abundance is due to its ability to form into different forms and for its durability, but this would turn into a disadvantage when plastic items were disposed of. It would take centuries to decompose naturally which would clog up our landfills. The practice of burning waste plastic would cut down the amount of space needed in the landfills however, it is very harmful to our environment. It is also reported that the fumes produce from burning plastic pose harmful health risk such as, increase the risk of heart disease, aggravate asthma and cause damage to the human nervous system.

Currently, the two main ways Singapore deals with waste plastic are to burn them and disposed it to the landfills or sell the waste to other countries that are willing to buy them. Countries that purchased the plastic wastes often sort, melt and then reform them into tiny pellets that can be used to manufacture new plastic products. However with China’s latest announcement with its ban on importing “foreign garbage”, this may no longer be an option for Singapore’s plastic waste problem and other countries are likely to follow suit. Singapore has to find alternative ways to tackle the fast-growing plastic waste that is not being recycled locally.

Who are the main stakeholders?
Building and Construction Authority (BCA) is the main stakeholders as engineers of this project have to meet BCA’s regulations.

Who is impacted?
The Government and the people as we aim to achieve a zero waste nation.

Why is this important? 
The only landfills we have (Pulau Semakau) are running out of space by around 2035 (Original plan should be around 2050). 

What would the ideal situation be?
For Singapore authorities to start adopting the use of waste plastics into green aggregates and then to find alternative ways to incorporate the waste plastic to other forms of construction materials to ultimately stop plastic waste from contributing to our landfill.

Problem Statement
Currently, the percentage of plastic waste not being recycled is at 94%. With the aim of being a “zero waste” nation, the ideal goal is for Singapore to no longer rely on landfill as a means to dispose of our plastic waste, but rather incorporate the idea of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) fully.

Purpose Statement
The purpose of this report is to propose the adoption of green aggregates by recycling waste plastic. The aim is to increase the percentage of waste plastic being recycled instead of being sent for incineration and end up in Pulau Semakau Landfill.  By adopting this solution it would bring Singapore a step closer to being a “zero waste” nation.